Vitreous body alterations

Symptoms

The vitreous humour usually liquefies from the age of 20 onwards. This phenomenon is perceived by most people as ‘floaters’ (= mouches volantes) and represents a harmless finding that does not require treatment. 

If, on the other hand, a person perceives lightning flashes or the ‘mouches volantes’ suddenly appear in thick ‘swarms’, the retina should be examined to rule out retinal detachment. Injuries and diabetes can also lead to dangerous bleeding. This must be checked closely and, if necessary, removed with surgical intervention. 

If the vitreous humour is clouded, e.g. due to blood or inflammation material, contains foreign bodies that have penetrated the eye from the outside, or pulls at the retina with scarred thickening and even detaching it from its base, the vitreous humour must be removed by means of an appropriate surgical procedure and replaced with a special fluid. 

Vitreous diseases can seriously impair vision, as all rays of light must pass through the vitreous to reach the retina. 

Changes to the vitreous humour can manifest themselves through a variety of symptoms: 

• Increased occurrence of areas of vitreous opacity: these are perceived as small, semi-transparent, particle-like phenomena (known as ‘mouches volantes’) or as larger ‘clumps’ in the field of vision. Since they follow all the movements of the eye, these opacities appear to be movable due to the fact that they are not in the optical axis of the eye. If you try to ‘fix’ them, they seem to jump away, only to appear again when you look at something else. In contrast, turbidity that lies directly on the optical axis always appears in the centre of the field of vision. Depending on their size, the ‘mouches volantes’ can impair vision to a greater or lesser extent. 
• Perception of lightning flashes: In most cases, a detached vitreous humour still has a connection to the retina. Eye movements result in the vitreous body pulling on the retina as it moves in the eyeball. The mechanical stimulus triggers the light receptors of the retina, resulting in sudden, brief sensations of brightness or ‘lightning flashes’. 
• Perception of opacity caused by bleeding: If the connection between the vitreous humour and the retina breaks, small and very small blood vessels may burst. This leads to correspondingly minor and minute bleeding, which can temporarily cloud your vision. This minute bleeding results in tiny dark dots (= known as a ‘shower of floaters’). More significant bleeding, on the other hand, leads to greater loss of the field of vision. However, cloudiness caused by bleeding usually subsides on its own after a few days. 
• Reduced visual acuity, i.e. deteriorating visual acuity 
• Reddish discolouration of the visual field (in the case of vitreous haemorrhage)  
• Dull pain in the eye and severe redness of the conjunctiva (in the case of acute vitreous inflammation)  

In most cases, the symptoms described do not indicate anything bad. However, in order to have certainty in excluding damage to the retina or have it treated quickly, a person perceiving lightning flashes and recurrent cloudiness of the eye should consult an ophthalmologist on the same day to have their symptoms assessed. 

Important to know: Pathological changes to the vitreous body are usually closely related to a retinal disease. 

Diagnosis

As the vitreous humour is located in front of the retina, changes can usually be identified using the ophthalmoscope (this instrument is used to inspect the visible parts of the eye, especially the retina and the blood vessels supplying it). 

Depending on the symptoms, visual acuity, the field of vision or medical history (professional questioning about potentially medically relevant information) can provide information on the genesis (= origin, development) of the disease. 

For diagnostic purposes, the ophthalmologist also examines the vitreous humour with the slit lamp and the Goldmann lens (a special ophthalmological examination instrument that looks like a funnel-shaped magnifying glass); he she also uses eye drops to dilate the pupil, which makes it far easier to examine the back of the eye and so assess the retina. 

If, for example, the lens is clouded due to cataract disease, a direct examination of the interior of the eye may not be possible without restriction. In this case, the ophthalmologist may choose to use an ultrasound examination to produce an image of the tissue in the eye. 

In addition, vitreous detachment is especially easy to detect using optical coherence tomography, which uses light pulses instead of ultrasound waves to create a two-dimensional image of the tissue layers in the eye. This procedure provides more accurate images than the ultrasound examination of the eye. 

If the vitreous humour is bleeding, the eyeball is also examined using an ophthalmoscope and Goldmann lens to determine the source of the bleeding. In the case of a very severe bleeding, vision is impaired and further investigations are required to determine the cause (e.g. an ultrasound examination, a CT (computed tomography) or an angiography (vascular examination) of the eye’s blood vessels). 

In medicine, there are five different types of vitreous changes: 

• Vitreous opacity: Degenerative changes can liquefy the vitreous humour in old age and in the case of near-sightedness. This can cause the vitreous structure to become compacted and destroyed. 
• Vitreous detachment: Vitreous detachment may occur particularly in old age, when the vitreous humour becomes partially or completely detached from the retina. In the case of partial vitreous detachment, there is a risk of vitreous haemorrhage (see below) or retinal detachment. Both cases require immediate treatment by an ophthalmologist in order to prevent possible blindness (= known as ophthalmological emergencies). 
• Vitreous haemorrhage: The vitreous humour itself has no blood vessels and therefore no blood supply. If there is blood in the vitreous humour, it is therefore always the result of a haemorrhage from the surrounding tissue. Bleeding of this kind can be caused by a variety of factors: either vitreous detachment, injury to the eye or formation of new blood vessels. 
• Inflammation of the vitreous humour: Inflammation of the vitreous body practically never occurs in isolation. Neighbouring structures are often also affected, such as the retina, the optic nerve or the uvea. Inflammation (medical term: endophtalmitis) is rare, but may lead to blindness if not treated immediately. 
• Mouches volantes: A harmless, if often very disturbing symptom, are the ‘mouches volantes’ – in medicine, this term refers to the perception of small black dots, threads, fluff or mosquitoes. These are floating vitreous opacities, which move along with eye movements, albeit with a delay. They often appear suddenly when reading or looking at a white surface or at the sky. It is recommended to have the ‘mouches volantes’ examined to rule out any other eye disease. 

Aftercare

If you have undergone a vitrectomy, you should not exercise, swim or fly for up to three weeks, but rather take care of yourself to the best of your ability. It is also essential to avoid rubbing the eye or pressing hard on the eye. Your eye will not heal completely until after about four weeks. 

It is also advisable to consult an ophthalmologist regularly and have your eyes checked, also if you notice any a vitreous changes, as this is the only way to detect and treat any further changes and, above all, deterioration.